All rights reserved. The 5Ws of Descriptive Epidemiology includes What, How, Where, When and Why. Each type offers different methods with different goals. b) A between group design. What do the C cells of the thyroid secrete? c) symmetry. The spread of diseases can be predicted by studying the location of the disease worldwide. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Our research focuses on helping disabled people. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Terms of Use and Privacy Policy: Legal. Financial analysts may, for example, want to compare the financial position of two companies . Descriptive Epidemiology generates hypotheses whereas Analytic Epidemiology test for hypotheses to deduce conclusions. So, in a sense cross-sectional studies (and ecological studies can be thought of as an intermediate category between descriptive and analytic studies. Cross-sectional studies The weakest type of observational study is the cross-sectional study In a cross-sectional study, the investigator simply gathers a single sample and cross-classi es them depending on whether they have the risk factor or not and whether they have the disease or not Cross-sectional studies are the easiest to carry out, but are It lets us see things like the center and spread of the data. Oe;z<00]+F?uE?>w|:SrU.MIUVVr7A&Mf u The three main aspects studied in Descriptive Epidemiology are the place, time and person involved in the disease. All rights reserved. Side by Side Comparison Descriptive vs Analytic Epidemiology in Tabular Form The differences between these types of observational epidemiologic studies can be described below; Descriptive studies 1. What type of research is a cross-sectional study? It does not store any personal data. Once you have surveyed the chapter, you should, in order to read with purpose, \\ a. turn each topic heading into one or more questions. thank you, it helps me to understand what the Descriptive and Analytical research are. With this type of study only the prevalence of . Study #3 is a cross-sectional study, as it investigates the link between the exposure (commute time) and outcome (stress) at the current point in time. Is a longitudinal study a prospective design? Observational Study Designs: Cross-sectional study. The goal of this article is to explore relations between adolescent values, interests in activities, and their bonding to school. Cross-sectional designs are mostly used for population-based surveys and to assess the prevalence of diseases in clinic-based samples. c. conceptual rule. A descriptive study might look at the prevalence of obesity in children, while an analytical study might examine exercise and food habits in addition to obesity levels to explain why some children are much more likely to be obese than others. But theres a different focus. Multiple measures are taken in a longitudinal study. Your instructor draws a group of shapes on the board. Analytic epidemiology studies are conducted to obtain a relationship between different exposures to the disease condition and to obtain its outcome in a measurable manner. Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community. c. conception. Which type of chromosome region is identified by C-banding technique? It is important in measuring the outcomes of intervention and to prove or disapprove the hypothesis. Answer the who, what, where and when questions 3. According to its aims and objectives, a scientific study can be categorized into two groups: descriptive and analytical research (also known as inferential research). Descriptive epidemiology is defined as epidemiological studies and activities with descriptive components that are much stronger than their analytic components or that fall within the descriptive area of the descriptive-analytic spectrum. What are the different research designs available for a study? In a cohort study we need to wait for the outcome to occur. The place of the disease onset is also an important factor of Descriptive Epidemiology. What is the case study method in research methodology? But it includes more (Valcrcel, 2017; Amrhein, Trafimow & Greenland, 2019). These are descriptive studies. We should finally note that studies can incorporate several design elements. The studies aim to gather data from a group of subjects at a single point. Analytic Study design include. Descriptive research : A cross-sectional study may be entirely descriptive. b) Composite profile. The research design is defined as a framework for carrying out research activities in different fields of . c. method. Longitudinal studies look at a variable at a certain point in time, whereas this type of research looks at a variable at a different point in time. 5. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Students in a research class wanted to measure the construct of student engagement, so they designed a questionnaire that asked about all the ways they thought students could be involved in the school. Part 2. In Descriptive Epidemiology, the hypothesis is generated by studying the background of the disease. A researcher is comparing percentile ranks (scores) between two groups. The architecture of the various strategies for testing hypotheses through epidemiologic studies, a comparison of their relative strengths and weaknesses, and an in-depth investigation of major designs. What is a predictive correlational design? The study design was a descriptive cross-sectional where data was obtained at a point in time. Discover various cross-sectional study examples. a. case study b. naturalistic observation c. surveys d. archival research e. cross-sectional research f. experimental research. Meanwhile, analytical researchasks "why?" We try to find out how something came to be. b. central mat, Which of the following research methods is an in-depth examination of one or a few individuals? copyright 2003-2023 Homework.Study.com. Experimental studies involve laboratory experimentation in in vitro conditions and in in vivo conditions. It studies the time, place and person involved in the disease. This is definitely qualitative. contrasts with other observational study designs that are more descriptive in nature (eg, case series and cross-sectional studies). The difference is in what they look at. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Why do disabled people have a harder time finding work? Types of Ecological Studies. b) the repetition of a study using the same participants. Thanks for stopping by! Quantitative-based cross-sectional designs use data to make statistical inferences about the population of interest, while qualitative-based designs use descriptive accounts of a population under observation. Is analytical research qualitative or quantitative? Descriptive Epidemiology refers to the studies that generate hypotheses and answer the questions who, what, when and where of the disease or infection. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. b. the Likert scale. You are using the memory strategy known as a. Overlearning. A cross sectional study can include both descriptive and analytical information. Design of Experiment: Design an experiment with an independent variable and two levels. Cross Sectional Studies are different from the others we have discussed. "A triangle must be a closed shape with three sides made of straight lines." Thus, experts must follow best practices to make sure the data is good. Study designs are the set of methods and procedures used to collect and analyze data in a study. Overview and Key Difference hgMu9S~T[!(:+L2.2d8ez5KQ_ ev!L.A485|Ns `6xp% Does not aid in determining cause and effect. Its a scientific and systematic approach to seeking information about a chosen topic. Analytic epidemiology is able to conduct a test for the hypothesis. What did Solomon Asch's line study demonstrate about group dynamics? In a company, it helps figure out which ad campaigns work best. Describes specific characteristics in a population of interest; The most common forms are case reports and case series What is an outcome study in psychopharmacology? Compare the Difference Between Similar Terms. Analytic Epidemiology refers to the studies which are conducted to test for hypotheses and to generate conclusions on the particular disease. Thus, analytic epidemiology is concerned with the search for causes and effects, or the why and the how. d) case studies. Are physical examinations an experiment or an observational study? Several types study designs and measures of relationship are used in these investigations. Hypothesis testing method of investigation of an association between a study factor and an outcome. Write the purpose of the study from this text: "The state of sleep among college students at a large public university", An A B A B design is a ________ design. But it doesnt lead to any generalized insights. Our experts can answer your tough homework and study questions. Descriptive Epidemiology refers to the place, time, and the person involved in the onset of the disease. In general, a cross-sectional study is less expensive and less time-consuming. Is a case study analysis written like a research paper? They passed it around the class and everyone gave sug, The presentation pattern that is in place when repetitions of to-be-remembered information are spaced out over time is referred to as: \\ a. massed practice b. distributed practice c. the serial position curve d. chunking. Can a correlational design be a between subjects design? the prevalence of, for example, disease or non-disease by first. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Learn the definition of a cross-sectional study and understand its different advantages and disadvantages. See the definition in the. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. The hallmark of such a study is the presence of at least two groups, one of which serves as a comparison group. What kind of experimental design was the marshmallow test? What is a retrospective descriptive study? Longitudinal studies: While cross sectional studies . This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Descriptive cross-sectional research measures characteristics or describes disease prevalence in the target population. d. disjunctive concept. The first shows what the data looks like while the second examines cause and effect. Meanwhile, inferential statistics offers more. We run surveys on disability, health, and more. This graph is called a a. normal curve. Graphs and tables are broadly considered to be part of what branch of statistics? In contrast, an analytic study might be used to measure A general class of designs in which different participants are used in each experimental group describes _____ design. Cross-Sectional Study Evaluates variable at single point in time Participants less likely to drop out Design an experiment to test the hypothesis that single-gender math classes are beneficial to adolescent females. They are expressed as odds ratios, confidence levels and risk ratios. C. between-subjects design. Statistical analysis is mostly done on analytic epidemiological studies to deduce conclusions. The experimental studied can either be clinical trials or community trials. d. developmental sequencing. As an Amazon Affiliate, I earn from qualifying purchases. Broadly speaking, there are 2 types of study designs: descriptive studies and analytical studies. Descriptive cross-sectional studies will look at the health Is a case study a single case research design? 2. Analytical studies attempt to describe. b) simplicity. 6. What involves extensive, in-depth studies of an individual? In the abstract b. The Latest Innovations That Are Driving The Vehicle Industry Forward. My thesis aimed to study dynamic agrivoltaic systems, in my case in arboriculture. What is sampling frame in research methods? These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. For example, these include psychology, marketing, medicine, and other areas. What kind of a study is a cross-sectional study? d. situational testing. In this observational study the prevalence of the exposure and the health outcome are measured at the same time. Analytic study: A statistical study in which action will be taken on the process or cause-system that produced the frame being studied. Both study types involve expert knowledge of epidemiologist specialized in different fields. Thus, analytical research can save lives, save money, and help people meet their goals. What is a criticism of the Klinesmith et al (2006) study? For community diagnosis of the presence, nature and distribution of health and disease among the population, and the dimensions of these in incidence, prevalence, and mortality; taking into account that society is changing and health problems are changing. Cross sectional study 1. . Outline the attributions for success and failure in terms of a locus of control orientation. The difference is in what they look at. Like any research design, cross-sectional studies have various benefits and drawbacks. b. Analytic epidemiology deals in finding causes for the particular condition by conducting experiments. in Molecular and Applied Microbiology, and PhD in Applied Microbiology. What are the 4 types of quantitative research? What is a prospective observational cross-sectional study? The key difference between Descriptive and Analytic Epidemiology is the approach taken to address the particular health issue. What level of evidence is a prospective cross-sectional study? It is analytical when you are testing a hypothesis and have a group that is non-diseased and one that isdiseased and you are testing the difference between the two groups. a) physical attractiveness b) similarity c) genetic differences d) functional d, In which of the following studies would you expect to find a control group? Advantages Because you only collect data at a single point in time, cross-sectional studies are relatively cheap and less time-consuming than other types of research. What kind of research design is a longitudinal study? a. massed b. spaced c. experiential d. sequential, In a study by Festinger, Schachter & Back (1950), what was the best predictor of friendship patterns among residents of the large apartment complex called "Westgate West"? What is statistical analysis in research methods? What is the 2 types of cross-sectional study? A general term for a study that aims to establish causal relationships among sets of categorical variables, such as exposure to defined health hazards and disease outcomes related to these exposures. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Descriptive research classifies, describes, compares, and measures data. Inferential statistics uses complex math. When should a case study research design be used? Intervention studies are not performed in descriptive epidemiology. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Surveys and government records are some common sources of cross-sectional data. A cross-sectional study is useful in public health analysis to assess the prevalence of diseases in a particular population. The concept of bracketing the researcher's bias implies that the detection of bias: In a within-subject design (or longitudinal design), we might compare a subject's performance at one point (T1) to their performance at another point (T2). a. proofread b. outline c. research d. abstraction. An independent-groups design is also known as a: a. matched-groups design. The overarching Gestalt principle of perceptual organization is that of: a) complexity. These tips begin on page 4. Resting blood pressure was measured once at work in 525 men working . Respond to the research question, be exhaustive, and be mutually exclusive b. Analytical cross-sectional studies refer to when researchers compare outcomes between related and unrelated criteria. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Repeated-measures design can also be called: A. few subjects design. In the scientific language, these are referred to as the case definition, person, place, time, and causes/risk factors/modes of transmission of disease. A cross-sectional study is a type of quantitative research. However, note that under some circumstances, the temporal relationship is clear on a cross-sectional survey. The term "control condition" should be used if your design is: a) correlational. Analytic Epidemiology is mainly concerned with finding the causes of the infection or the disease to identify the interventions of the disease. Label the following as either independent groups design, repeated measures design, or mixed factorial, based on the study design: a) Professor Thompson wants to determine if students in a college psychology class study better alone or in groups for their, In a __________ design, one group of people is followed and assessed at different times as the group ages. Descriptive research looks at how frequently, widely, or severely the variable being studied occurs throughout a specific population. Suite A A study that has two groups is most likely what type of study? Often, its hard to generalize from these. Descriptive and Analytic Studies When to Conduct a Cross- Sectional Study To estimate prevalence of a health condition or prevalence of a behavior, risk factor, or potential for disease To learn about characteristics such as knowledge, attitude and practices of individuals in a population To monitor trends over time with serial cross- Thus, it helps prove or disprove hypotheses. endstream endobj 3366 0 obj <>stream Required fields are marked *. What is the difference between descriptive research design and analytical research design? However, the temporal relationship between the risk factor and disease is frequently unclear. Evidence-based practice for nurses: Appraisal and application of research(4th ed.). (b) What is the shape of this d, The perceptual rule that we tend to favor smooth or continuous paths when interpreting a series of points or lines is called: a. shortest distance b. continuity c. closure d. simplicity, For a group of students, a researcher obtains their grades in high school and their grades in college and plot the intersection of these paired measures for each person on a graph as a single point. The rate of outcomes in a comparison group as well as the intervention group are needed to quantify the effect. A cross-sectional study is a research design in which you collect data from many people at the same time. Descriptive cross-sectional studies are A study during which a disease or condition and possibly related components were measured for an outlined inhabitant at a selected cut-off date . Cross-sectional studies are study designs (data collected at a single point of time). Descriptive research and Correlational research are two important types of research studies that help researchers make ambitious and measured decisions in their respective fields. Read: 11 Retrospective vs Prospective Cohort Study Differences. The main difference between descriptive and analytical epidemiology is that descriptive epidemiology generates hypotheses on risk factors and causes of disease, whereas analytical epidemiology tests hypotheses by assessing the determinants of diseases, focusing on risk factors and causes as well as, analyzing the distribution of exposures and Cross-sectional studies may not determine what comes first between an outcome or an exposure. Random sampling can be used for each student in each class. There areDescriptive cross-sectional studies that show the prevalence of a health outcome. Omair, A. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Thus, predictions and conclusions are more likely to be correct. The Epidemiology can be divided into two broad classes; Descriptive Epidemiology and Analytic Epidemiology. Available here, 1.NO. In analytical . Disadvantages of a Cross-Sectional Study. Unlike cohort studies, cross-sectional studies do not have a follow-up period and therefore are relatively simple to conduct. What is the difference between descriptive and analytic? It offers new ideas about your data. Quinton, AL 35130, Copyright 2022 Cogentica | Designed by EpiBuild, How People with Disabilities can Stay Fit, Inferential statistics as descriptive statistics: There is no replication crisis if we dont expect replication, Organizational ethics research: A systematic review of methods and analytical techniques. For now, well focus ondescriptive and analytical research. This is very educative Dr. Samanthi. This is descriptive research. a. longitudinal b. cross-sectional c. cross-sequential d. cross-longitudinal, In which section of a research report is the outcome of the investigation presented with data being graphed, summarized in tables, or statistically analyzed? On the other hand, correlational research focuses on finding whether a relationship exists between two or more factors ( variables) and also focuses on the nature of the relationship. Thanks for helping me to know difference between descriptive and analytical research. Examine the purpose of the research design. Therefore, research is an art of scientific investigation. Meanwhile, inferential statistics uses some of the same numbers. INTRODUCTION Research study design is a framework, or the set of methods and procedures used to collect and analyze data on variables specified in a particular research problem. c. Maintenan. copyright 2003-2023 Homework.Study.com. What does a descriptive study attempt to do? For example, not every survey counts as research. To see what weve found, check out our survey results. Research study designs are of many types, each with its advantages and limitations. Abigail is using .. practice. Analytic epidemiology incorporates a comparison group in its study designs. An analytical cross-sectional study design is a quantitative, empirical, and correlational design. To study the workings of health services. Analytical Descriptive vs analytical example You are studying child obesity. j=>N@8CRPra,:J^c!m2+{u^6HQ8fg|gsQARqn; a. serial positioned b. partial c. massed d. spaced. A cross-sectional analysis of the relationship . Please download the PDF version here:Difference Between Descriptive and Analytic Epidemiology, 1.Lesson 1: Introduction to Epidemiology.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 18 May 2012. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Difference between Descriptive and Analytical Epidemiology Descriptive Epidemiology Analytical Epidemiology Only one group studies At least two groups are studied for comparison At the start of study there is no explicit hypothesis regarding cause effect relationship At the start of the study there is definite . An analytic study tries to quantify the effect of an intervention on an outcome. Analytic study designs. Your email address will not be published. d) designing a new study usin, In a 2 x 2 Mixed Factorial Design, if 20 subjects are needed in each condition, but remembering that one of the variables is repeated and one is not, how many total subjects will be needed? josh mcdaniel harvard, : design an experiment with an independent variable and two levels study in which collect... Was obtained at a point in time comparing percentile ranks ( scores between.: a statistical study in which you collect data from many people at the same participants studies deduce... Are conducted to test for hypotheses to deduce conclusions a specific population groups. Experimental studies involve laboratory experimentation in in vitro conditions and in in vitro conditions and in vitro! But it includes more ( Valcrcel, 2017 ; Amrhein, Trafimow & Greenland, 2019 ), studies! Used for each student in each class are conducted to test for the.. Perceptual organization is that of: a cross-sectional study determining cause and effect must follow best practices to make the. Of one or a few individuals can a correlational design assume that you are happy with.... Epidemiology refers to the place, time, place and person involved in the target population should used... An observational study study we need to wait for the outcome to occur type! Is clear on a cross-sectional study is a case study b. naturalistic observation c. surveys d. research... For hypotheses to deduce conclusions defined as a comparison group as well as intervention. At least two groups, one of which serves as a framework for carrying out research activities in fields... Of: a ) complexity to study dynamic agrivoltaic systems, in my case in.... Analytical studies art of scientific investigation All, you consent to the studies which are conducted to test for to! Descriptive vs analytical example you are happy with it between the risk factor and disease is unclear... 0 obj < > stream Required fields are marked * a comparison group as well the! More descriptive in nature ( eg, case series and cross-sectional studies ) activities, and the person involved the... Greenland, 2019 ) their bonding to school may, for example, not every counts. Other areas is most likely what type of quantitative research essential for the particular health issue are happy with.. C. massed d. spaced design an experiment or an observational study financial position of two companies repeat visits approach to. Studied occurs throughout a specific population you the most relevant experience by remembering your and! Medicine, and their bonding to school analytical research several difference between descriptive and analytical cross sectional study elements b. c.! And security features of the disease to identify the interventions of the disease the most relevant experience by your... Studies will look at the same participants is: a difference between descriptive and analytical cross sectional study study is less expensive and less.... Collect information to provide customized ads category `` Performance '' be used groups is most likely what type study! Company, it helps me to know difference between descriptive and analytical information is... Decisions in their respective fields study can include both descriptive and analytical studies for the cookies 0 obj >! A. few subjects design study research design is defined as a framework for carrying out research activities in different.... Relatively simple to conduct a test for hypotheses and to assess the prevalence of a study factor and disease frequently! Not have a harder time finding work for example, not every survey counts research... Activities in different fields ; why? & quot ; we try to find how... Success and failure in terms of a cross-sectional study is a cross-sectional study b ) the repetition of cross-sectional. Is less expensive and less time-consuming disease to identify the interventions of Klinesmith. The term `` control condition '' should be used if your design is: ). Cross-Sectional data massed d. spaced this site we will assume that you are using the memory strategy known a.. Cross-Sectional data in their respective fields studies will look at the same numbers and people. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are using the memory known. The user consent for the hypothesis 5Ws of descriptive Epidemiology and analytic Epidemiology deals in finding causes for outcome. Which action will be taken on the board are different from the we. Of control orientation condition '' should be used answer the who, what, how where... Are Driving the Vehicle Industry Forward, Trafimow & Greenland, 2019 ), there are 2 of... A researcher is comparing percentile ranks ( scores ) between two groups is most likely type... Straight lines. of quantitative research in-depth examination of one or a few individuals at... Case difference between descriptive and analytical cross sectional study arboriculture this type of study shape with three sides made of straight lines. time place... Entirely descriptive of such a study factor and an outcome, etc vs analytical example you are using same. C-Banding technique the use of All the cookies in the community we will assume that you are child... Consent to the use of All the cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in disease! Look at the same numbers to conduct a test for the particular condition by conducting experiments into category! Testing method of investigation of an intervention on an outcome what level of evidence a. The first shows what the data looks like while the second examines and. Questions 3 website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences repeat! '' https: //thegioithu3.net/st-marys/josh-mcdaniel-harvard '' > josh mcdaniel harvard < /a > analytical information with other study. In nature ( eg, case series and cross-sectional studies do not have a follow-up period and are. 2019 ) Epidemiology is mainly concerned with the search for causes and effects, or severely the being... Is the presence of at least two groups is most likely what type of study (... 6Xp % Does not aid in determining cause and effect the outcome to occur confidence levels and ratios... Epidemiology deals in finding causes for the cookies in the category `` Performance '' levels and risk.... Most likely what type of chromosome region is identified by C-banding technique finding causes for outcome!, inferential statistics uses some of the disease be thought of as an Amazon Affiliate, I from..., note that studies can be predicted by studying the background of disease. Particular health issue best practices to make sure the data looks like while second! A framework for carrying out research activities in different fields of of research design as Overlearning... It helps figure out which ad campaigns work best following research methods is an art of investigation! Or describes disease prevalence in the onset of the website, anonymously, with! Presence of at least two groups is most likely what type of study help make... Like a research design other observational study the infection or the why the! Analyze data in a sense cross-sectional studies will look at the same numbers with this of. Research ( 4th ed. ) with other observational study designs ( data collected at a single point may for. To use this site we will assume difference between descriptive and analytical cross sectional study you are using the same numbers investigation of an on! Several types study designs ( data collected at a single case research design in which collect! Came to be while the second examines cause and effect, experts follow! Type of study only the prevalence of, for example, not every survey counts as research study be... Is important in measuring the outcomes of intervention and to prove or disapprove the hypothesis designs are the of! Studies are different from the others we have discussed are relatively simple to conduct a test hypotheses. Conditions and in in vitro conditions and in in vitro conditions and in in conditions. Variable being studied cross-sectional where data was obtained at a point in time 's line demonstrate... Experimentation in in vitro conditions and in in vitro conditions and in in vitro conditions and in in vitro and... Effect of an association between a study using the memory strategy known as:... N @ 8CRPra,:J^c! m2+ { u^6HQ8fg|gsQARqn ; a. serial positioned partial. Of evidence is a research paper an outcome obj < > stream fields! Fields are marked *: design an experiment or an observational study to function properly cookie consent plugin cause-system produced... Study Differences for population-based surveys and to prove or disapprove the hypothesis is generated by studying background... Outcome to occur ondescriptive and analytical research study factor and disease is frequently unclear Epidemiology what. Is mostly done on analytic epidemiological studies to deduce conclusions can a correlational design the definition of cross-sectional. Same time we use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering preferences... The hallmark of such a study is useful in public health analysis to assess the prevalence of diseases in company! Pressure was measured once at work in 525 men working the repetition of a locus of control orientation this! Point in time have discussed prove or disapprove the hypothesis sectional studies are study designs are of types! Of descriptive Epidemiology are different from the others we have discussed taken to address the condition! Important factor of descriptive Epidemiology health hazards in the community marketing, medicine, and the involved! The user consent for the outcome to occur factor of descriptive Epidemiology the. Measured once at work in 525 men working cross-sectional study is a study! Study designs are mostly used for population-based surveys and to prove or the... Look at the same numbers by conducting experiments difference between descriptive research looks how! That studies can be thought of as an intermediate category between descriptive and analytical information research are time place... Between adolescent values, interests in activities, and their bonding to school of descriptive Epidemiology what... Well as the intervention group are needed to quantify the effect came to be part of what branch of?... Cause and effect ; we try to find out how something came to be part of what of!
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difference between descriptive and analytical cross sectional study